The Shape of Space

Al Held plays with the shape of space and is not shy about explicitly incorporating mathematical forms with in his artwork. Held began as an Abstract Expressionist and taught at Yale University for decades.

In fact, Held felt that his artwork explores "spatial conundrums...." the juxtaposition of spatial entities intersecting in three-dimensional space represented on a two-dimensional plane. A conundrum, indeed.

For similar problems in mathematics, search for "toroidal space."

To fins out more about Al Held and further parallels between his art and math :

Al Held at the Sheldon Art Museum

Al Held Obituary from The Times Online

Al Held at the Brooklyn Museum

Art Forms of Nature

Ernst Haeckel. Biologist. Zoologist. Artist. Irregular symmetry dominates his work.
He idealizes natural forms in the same way that conceptual artists and mathematicians idealize geometry.
His drawings were published as a book, The Art Forms of Nature (that's a free download, by the way).

• Haeckel's Art Forms from Nature CD-ROM and Book (Dover Electronic Clip Art) 
• Haeckel on Wikipedia  
• The Fractal Geometry of Nature 
• The Computational Beauty of Nature: Computer Explorations of Fractals, Chaos, Complex Systems, and Adaptation

10,000 Uniquely the Same

Thoughtfully organic for most of his creative life, Hundertwasser provides a good example of the power of permutations and combinations with his Good Morning City series of prints.
By varying color combinations Hundertwasser created an edition run of 10, 000, where each print is unique. You can see a good collection of the Good Morning City Project prints at The Gallery of Surrealism.